Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics Discussion

Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics Discussion

Running head: WEEK 1 POST 1

WEEK 1 POST3

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses and respond THE two POST BELOW SEPARATELY by suggesting additional patient factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of the patients they described. In addition, suggest how the personalized plan of care might change if the age of the patient were different and/or if the patient had a comorbid condition, such as renal failure, heart failure, or liver failure

POST 1 Maria Bionat

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and its action to the body of a living system, how it affects a person’s physical, emotional and psychological well -being. (What is pharmacology, 2004). The responsibility of carrying out a doctor’s prescription order, administering a medication, or instructing a patient or a parent about the medication differs greatly from prescribing a medication. Learning and understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics enables the prescriber to choose a drug that is appropriate to the patient whether to treat an ailment, to maintain therapeutic blood levels of certain medications, to lower a blood pressure, or blood sugar, or kill cancer cells. Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021 defined pharmacokinetics as the study of drug movement into the body, which has four processes. 1) Absorption which is the movement of the drug from the site of administration to the blood, 2) Distribution which is the movement of the from the blood to the interstitial space to the cells, 3) Metabolism is the enzymatically mediated alteration of the drug structure and 4) Excretion the movement of drugs and its metabolites out of the body. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the of the biochemical and physiological effect of drug on the body and the molecular mechanism by which those effects are produced. As a pediatric nurse in the ambulatory setting multivitamins, antibiotics, polyethylene glycol, albuterol and hydrocortisone are the usual medications prescribed by physicians. Hydrocortisone cream however is a prescription that most of the parents prefers to have in their medicine cabinet to treat rash especially recurrent rash on children with eczema or contact dermatitis. Parents most often calls for renewal of hydrocortisone cream because it is the cream that clears out the rash. The complacency of using the drug could be harmful to the patient. As a patient, the experience of using hydrocortisone cream and oral prednisone for 2 weeks, to treat severe contact dermatitis due to poison ivy, lead to accumulation of fluid in the macula. The process of healing is long and the burden of having a blurry vision is cumbersome. Long term use of systemic corticosteroid to treat allergic dermatitis may produce severe morbidity. Widespread use of potent topical corticosteroid may produce local skin atrophy and systemic adverse effects. Using it around the eyes may cause cataracts, glaucoma, corneal thinning/perforation and loss of eye (Helm et al, 2020). Age and patient’s well-being could be the contributing factors on how the oral and topical steroid was processed by the body and likewise the dose and length of treatment.

Personal plan of care: Corticosteroid is used most of the time because of its benefits, however because of the side effects the prescriber has to carefully take into account factors that will render the drug beneficial to the patient, consider the dosage and length of treatment with careful assessment of the patient’s well- being such as medical history of diabetes, renal disorders. Educating the patient or parent about the medication, how it is taken, its benefits, action and side effects and when to call the provider. Corticosteroids effects is either therapeutic or detrimental to patients therefore careful monitoring, use of preventive measure can reduce effects and allow their maximal benefit (Hodgens & Sharman, 2021).

Reference:

Helm, T. N. (2020, August 20). What are the side effects of long-term use of corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic contact dermatitis? Latest Medical News, Clinical Trials, Guidelines – Today on Medscape. https://www.medscape.com/answers/1049216-4857/what-are-the-side-effects-of-long-term-use-of-corticosteroids-in-the-treatment-of-allergic-contact-dermatitis.

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

· Chapter 1, “Prescriptive Authority” (pp. 1–3)

Hodgens A, Sharman T. Corticosteroids. [Updated 2021 May 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554612/

POST 2 ANNA Bide

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Discussion

Pharmacology is an important aspect of healthcare delivery and it entails the study of the effect of drugs on a biological system as well as the response of the body to the drugs, hence the two brad divisions, which are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics refers to the time course through which the drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Pharmacodynamics on the other hand refers to the effect that the drug has, including the process of therapeutic and toxic effects on the body. A good understanding of these concepts is important in nursing because it influences the effectiveness of medical therapy, and consequently, a nurse needs to be well equipped with the knowledge to ensure effectiveness. It also helps them understand the different factors that influence drug effectiveness. A case study is that of a 90-year-old Caucasian woman who is diabetic but is currently at the facility for the management of shingles. For diabetes, she was taking 75mg per oral of metformin while for blisters on the neck, she was given Acyclovir. However, she was not responding to Acyclovir treatment.

A possible explanation of the scenario is that the effectiveness of the drug was influenced by the patient’s age. Advancements in age result in alterations in the absorption, distribution, as well as elimination of drugs from the body (Pea, 2018). Changes that occur in the central nervous system may lead to a reduction in drug sensitivity. Another issue of consideration in pharmacokinetics is the possibility of drug interactions inhibiting effectiveness. The other conditions that the patient suffers from predisposes her to polypharmacy, which may influence drug effectiveness. (Komiya et al., 2018). Genetics may also be an additional factor since according to Rosenthal and Burchum (2020), it affects how an individual metabolizes drugs. An individualized plan entails changing the mode of drug administration to intravenous to ensure faster delivery of the drug, hence enhancing the effectiveness.

Reference

Komiya, H., Umegaki, H., Asai, A., Kanda, S., Maeda, K., Shimojima, T., & Kuzuya, M.

(2018). Factors associated with polypharmacy in elderly home‐care patients. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 18(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13132

Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2020). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced pr

actice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.) St. Louis, MO: Elsevier

Pea, F. (2018). Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism of antibiotics in the elderly. Expert

Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 14(10), 1087-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2018.1528226

Bottom of Form

Running head: WEEK 1 POST

1

Rea

d

a selection of your colleagues’ responses and

respon

d

T

H

E

tw

o

P

O

S

T

B

E

L

O

W

S

E

P

A

R

A

T

E

L

Y

by suggesting additional patient

factors that might have interfered with the pharmacokinetic and

pharmacodynamic processes of the patients they d

escribed. In

addition, suggest how the personalized plan of care might change if

the age of the patient were different and/or if the patient had a

comorbid condition, such as renal failure, heart failure, or liver fai

l

u

r

e

P

O

S

T

1

Maria Biona

t

Pharmacology

is

the

study

of

drugs

and

its

action

to

the

body

of

a

living

system,

how

it

affects

a

person’s

physical,

emotional

and

psychological

well

–

being.

(What

is

pharmacology,

2004).

The

responsibility

of

carrying

out

a

docto

r’s

prescription

order,

administering

a

medication,

or

instructing

a

patient

or

a

parent

about

the

medication

differs

greatly

from

prescribing

a

medication.

Learning

and

understanding

pharmacokinetics

and

pharmacodynamics

enables

the

prescriber

to

choose

a

drug

that

is

appropriate

to

the

patient

whether

to

treat

an

ailment,

to

maintain

therapeutic

blood

levels

of

certain

medications,

to

lower

a

blood

pressure,

or

blood

sugar,

or

kill

cancer

cells.

Rosenthal

&

Burchum,

2021

defined

pharmacokinetics

as

the

s

tudy

of

drug

movement

into

the

body,

which

has

four

processes.

1)

Absorption

which

is

the

movement

of

the

drug

from

the

site

of

administration

to

the

blood,

2)

Distribution

which

is

the

movement

of

the

from

the

blood

to

the

interstitial

space

to

the

cells,

3)

Metabolism

is

the

enzymatically

mediated

alteration

of

the

drug

structure

and

4)

Excretion

the

movement

of

drugs

and

its

metabolites

out

of

the

body.

Pharmacodynamics

is

the

study

of

the

of

the

biochemical

and

physiological

effect

of

drug

on

the

body

a

nd

the

molecular

mechanism

by

which

those

effects

are

produced.

As

a

pediatric

nurse

in

the

ambulatory

setting

multivitamins,

antibiotics,

polyethylene

glycol,

albuterol

and

hydrocortisone

are

the

usual

medications

prescribed

by

physicians.

Hydrocor

tisone

cream

however

is

a

prescription

that

most

of

the

parents

prefers

to

have

in

their

medicine

cabinet

to

treat

rash

especially

recurrent

rash

on

children

with

eczema

or

contact

dermatitis.

Parents

most

often

calls

for

renewal

of

hydrocortisone

cream

be

cause

it

is

the

cream

that

clears

out

the

rash.

The

complacency

of

using

the

drug

could

be

harmful

to

the

patient.

As

a

patient,

the

experience

of

using

hydrocortisone

cream

and

oral

prednisone

for

2

weeks,

to

treat

severe

contact

dermatitis

due

to

poison

ivy,

lead

to

accumulation

of

fluid

in

the

macula.

The

process

of

healing

is

long

and

the

burden

of

having

a

blurry

vision

is

cumbersome.

Long

term

use

of

systemic

corticosteroid

to

treat

allergic

dermatitis

may

produce

severe

morbidity.

Widespread

use

of

potent

topical

corticosteroid

may

produce

local

skin

atrophy

and

systemic

adverse

effects.

Using

it

around

the

eyes

may

cause

cataracts,

glaucoma,

corneal

thinning/perforation

and

loss

of

eye

(Helm

et

al,

2020).

Age

and

patient’s

well

–

being

could

be

the

contributing

factors

on

how

the

oral

and

topical

steroid

was

processed

by

the

body

and

likewise

the

dose

and

length

of

treatment.

Personal

plan

of

care:

Corticosteroid

is

used

most

of

the

time

because

of

its

benefits,

however

because

of

the

sid

e

effects

the

prescriber

has

to

carefully

take

into

account

factors

that

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